code switching and code mixing

code witching and code mixing 

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A.   Background Of The Problem

Globalization is new term describing new condition which all nations, societies or formal state become close one another. In this era our world seems to be smaller. People agree that globalization is caused by communication and information instrument, particularly those which something to do with technology, for radio, television, internet, etc. Indeed the globalization era can’t be separated from the concept of information and the role of language such English and Arabic. Whether we like or not, we are obliged to master foreign language.

Language as a main of communication is very important to learn. It also language can makes us easy to interaction each other because many languages are used in the word. Language is important role in human as to interaction with other people and as a cognition that truly makes us human. People who have ability to use bilingual or multilingual, like a code to make them easy communication each other. Code is a language that by used by the people without forget to use the grammatical property formally. Code is the particular dialect or language one chooses to use on any occasion, and a system for communication between two or more parties (Wardhaugh 2000: 102).[1] It is easy for them to switch or to mix on code to another code or one language to another language. However, sometimes code switching and code mixing will become to alternative language by announcer when do compensations, because code switching and code mixing can make them easy to interpret word by word for listener are listening  when the speaker said.

Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society.  It also can help us understand when we speak different in various social contexts, and help us uncover the social relationships in a community to interaction wherever with transition from one language to other language.  Code switching and code mixing is one of various social contexts that can help interaction wherever with transition from one language to other language. According to Martiana (2004) code switching and code mixing happened as an effect of the cross language of Eros culture by people use bilingualism or multilingualism. [2] So code switching and code mixing as various of social contexts because can help people relationship in a community use one language to other language it is can happen because effect of cross language.

Code switching is as phenomenon switching from one code to other, or  code switching is a combination of 2 (two) languages and more in accordance with the rules of the incorporation of the language such as merging the word with words, phrases with phrases and sentences with phrases.[3] There are number of possible reason for the switching from one language to another by crystal, first of these the national that a speaker may not be able to express him/herself in one language so switches to other to compensate for the deficiency. Secondly, switching commonly occurs when individual wishes to express solidarity with a particular social group. [4]

According Suwandi code mixing is the using of two or more language in informal style between the people which we know. It is important to note that code switching and code mixing differs from “lexical borrowing”, a term that covers “words of foreign origin which have been assimilated to the phonology of the host language” (Li, 2002:80).[5] That theory said that code-switching is a natural product of the interaction of the bilingual’s two languages.[6] Early researchers viewed code-switching as evidence that the bilinguals’ two languages were organized in separate and distinct mental dictionaries or using more than one language or variety of language simultaneously in conversation. (Kim, 2006) define that code mixing is the condition in which a conversant is using two languages together by changing from a language to the other in the course of a single utterance.[7] So code switching and code mixing can be accouter in various places and situation, one fact of code switching and code mixing could be found in many kind of announcer, one of them in radio announcer.

Announcer is person who introduces programs, read or provides communication or announcer is someone whose job is to talk between programmers on radio or television. According (Legislative Council, 2006), Announcer is perceived by the public as the most pervasive and powerful means of communication to connect with the masses.[8] Usually announcers includes gathering, planning, writing, rewriting and delivering informational spots on topics such as news and the weather, interviewing guests, working with producers and assistants to choose program material, and communicating with listeners by phone on air, or answering their emailed questions. Announcer Like on the Sound Broadcasting licensees’ service (Consumer Research, 2011). The announcer Authority assigned an independent survey company to collect public opinions the terms code switching together with code mixing has been used by different scholars in different ways with regard to their implied meaning for linguistic theories (Bentahila & Davies, 2001).[9]

Based on the researcher observation of the announcer of L-Bass Radio Institute Aliyah Islam Negeri (IAIN) Bengkulu, the researcher got that the speaking ability of announcer is many variation base on Hoffman theory (1991:112) sows 3 types of code switching are intra- sentential switching, inter-sentential switching, emblematic switching,[10] and 3 types of code mixing are intra-lexical code mixing, establishing continuity with the previous speaker, and involving a change of pronunciation. Radio L-bass is radio in Iain Bengkulu at Fm stripe, radio L-bass used frequency 97, 6 MHz and since 2004. At the firs, L-Baas Fm Radio composition about 35% for music Islamic, 25% for Islamic story, a 25% for pop song. The other program at radio L-bass top program for education. At the first radio L-bass give programs by Islamic music and then have program education it make announcer often used code switching and code mixing, its aim is so that listener can concentrate about code switching and code mixing. There are some programs at L-bass radio fm like ruang psikologi, lagu pop Indonesia, tokoh inspiratif, ruang pendidkan, fun with language etc.

Radio L-bass always gave which provides a lot of information to Islam every day, but it is also broadcast on the radio L-Bass education such as English, Wednesday give information about education English. The announcer always broadcasts at L-bass radio at program; Wednesday “Fun with English” are Destri, Davit et al.

The announcers often use switching and mixing is that program. It makes the researcher interest to indentify the program of code switching and code mixing. Researcher chooses this program English because, this program related on education about English.  In this thesis, the researcher is interested to analyze the problem entitled “An Analysis of Code Switching and Code Mixing Used by Radio Announcers at L-Bass Radio 96, 7 MHz IAIN Bengkulu.

B.     Identification of the Problem

            Based on background above, the researcher see some problem that appeared in announcers. Sometimes announcer isn’t  know  reason used code switching and code mixing used by radio announce at L-bass IAIN Bengkulu, it also what are types of code switching and code mixing in conversation.

C.    Limitation of the Problem

The problem of this research will be limited on the use of code switching and code mixing by radio announcers at L-bass radio 96, 7 MHz IAIN Bengkulu. Where the use of code switching and code mixing will be arrange based on Hoffman theory (1991:112) sows 3 types of code switching  are intra- sentential switching, inter-sentential switching, emblematic switching,[11] and 3 types of code mixing  are intra-lexical code mixing, establishing continuity with the previous speaker, and involving a change of pronunciation.

D.    Formulation of the Problem

The research intend to answer question: How is code switching and code mixing used by radio announcer at L-bass IAIN Bengkulu?

E.     Objectives of the Research

Based on the problems above, the aims of this study is as follows: To identify how  is code switching and code mixing used by radio announcer at L-bass IAIN Bengkulu.

F.     Significance of the Research

An analysis can be beneficial for developing knowledge and insight ad also can be applied for daily living. These analyses have two main significances involve theoretical and practical. Theoretical, in this study to give information and contribution for the next research of sociolinguistics especially to use code switching and code mixing. Practically, since this study is specially focused on analyzing the types of code switching and code mixing and the reason why this used. This study might be useful for readers, especially to know the development of English in prated media and can help them to have batter communication and interaction in society who lives in bilingual and multilingual community.

G.    Definition Of  The Key Term

There are some variable in this research and will be explained as follow:

1.      Code switching is participant share common cultural norms and background knowledge a language shifting of clause, sentence, or discourse at one language to other language. Giglioli (2004:6) he state that social meaning transmitted through stile switching or other social linguistic devices is effective only when the participant share common cultural and background knowledge.

2.      Code mixing is the transfer of linguistics element from one language into another. According Suwandi (2008:87) code mixing is the using of two or more language in informal style between the people which we know.

3.      Rasio announcer at L-bass IAIN benkulu is person introduces programs to given information about education, Trent, song, life style and etc, to communication with listener. According (Legislative Council, 2006), Announcer is perceived by the public as the most pervasive and powerful means of communication to connect with the masses.

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

A.    Sociolinguistics

                  When people interact with others in society at anytime and anywhere they must use a language without a language, people will find some trebles when do activities and toward the society. In order to clarify our thoughts about language, let’s look at some of the ways language is viewed by linguists. We can then give a precise statement of the specifically sociolinguistic view of language, and contrast it to other views of language assumed in linguistics proper.[12] According C.criper and H.G. Widdowson in (Abdul chaer & leonie Agustina  2004 : 4) sociolinguistics is study of language operation, it’s purpose is to insvestigation how the convention of the language use relate to other aspect of social behavior. [13]

                  So sociolinguistics is a developing branch of linguistics and sociology which investigates the individual and social variation of language. Just as regional variation of language can give a lot of information about the place the speaker is from, social variation tells about the roles performed by a given speaker within one community, or country. And sociolinguistics is as a branch of sociology in that it reveals the relationship between language use and the social basis for such use. Sociolinguistics differs from sociology of language in that the focus of sociolinguistics is the effect of the society on the language, while the latter's focus is on the language's effect on the society.

Sociolinguistics is the study of the language function in a social context and the development of language in society. This is consistent with Noam Chomsky in Romaine (2000, p. 1) stated that sociolinguistics focus on differences in the use of language in society so that an object can be the object language learning another language.[14] And then Sociolinguistics is as branch of linguistics which studies just those properties of language and languages which require reference to social, including contextual, factors in their explanation. So we can say if sociolinguistics is the study of language use in a society that does not focus on the composition of sentence structure but focuses on differences in language use and language development in society.

Besides that, Fishman (in Chaer and Agustina, 2004:3) say that, sociolinguistics sis the study of the characteristics of language varieties, the characteristics of their  functions and the characteristics of the speaker as those three constantly interact, change and change one another within a speech community. [15]With language clearly focused on the topic of social arrangement inherent in language habits society. So, the lessons of sociolinguistics not only on the organizational structure of the language but also on the level development use of language in society and familiarize the user language to use the language that is used in accordance with the appropriate developmental and language level of civility in society. There are numerous factors influencing the way people speak which are investigated by sociolinguistics: [16]

1.      Social class:

The position of the speaker in the society, measured by the level of education, parental background, profession and their effect on syntax and lexis used by the speaker. An important factor influencing the way of formulating sentences is, according to sociolinguists, the social class of the speakers. Thus, there has been a division of social classes proposed in order to make the description accurate. Two main groups of language users, mainly those performing non-manual work and those with more years of education are the ‘middle class’, while those who perform some kind of manual work are ‘working class’. The additional terms ‘lower’ and ‘upper’ are frequently used in order to subdivide the social classes. Therefore, differences between upper middle class can be compared with lower working class.

2.      Social context:

           The register of the language used depending on changing situations: formal language in formal meetings and informal usage during meetings with friends, for example. It is notable that people are acutely aware of the differences in speech patterns that mark their social class and are often able to adjust their style to the interlocutor. It is especially true for the members of the middle class who seem eager to use forms associated with upper class; however, in such efforts, the forms characteristic of upper class are often overused by the middle class members. The above mentioned process of adapting own speech to reduce social distance is called convergence. Sometimes, however, when people want to emphasize the social distance, they make use of the process called divergence, purposefully using idiosyncratic forms.

3.      Geographical Origins:

Slight differences in pronunciation between speakers that point at the geographical region which the speaker comes from. Sociolinguistics investigates the way in which language changes, depending on the region of the country it is used in. To describe a variety of language that differs in grammar, lexis and pronunciation from others, the term dialect is used. Moreover, each member of community has a unique way of speaking due to the life experience, education, age and aspiration. An individual personal variation of language use is called an idiolect.

4.      Ethnicity:

         Differences between the use of a given language by its native speakers and other ethnic groups. There are numerous factors influencing idiolect, some of which have been presented above; yet two more need to be elucidated, namely jargon and slang. Jargon is specific technical vocabulary associated with a particular field of interest, or topic. For example words such as convergence, dialect and social class are sociolinguistic jargon. Whereas slang is a type of language used most frequently by people from outside of high-status groups, characterized by the use of unusual words and phrases instead of conventional forms. For example, a sociolinguist might determine, through study of social attitudes, that a particular vernacular would not be considered appropriate language use in a business or professional setting; she or he might also study the grammar, phonetics, vocabulary, and other aspects of this socialist much as a dialectologist would study the same for a regional dialect.

5.      Nationality:

      Clearly visible in the case of the English language: British English differs from American English, or Canadian English; Nigerian English differs from Ghanaian English; The study of language variation is concerned with social constraints determining language in its contextual environment. Code switching is the term given to the use of different varieties of language in different social situations. William Labor is often regarded as the founder of the study of sociolinguistics. He is especially noted for introducing the quantitative study of language variation and change, making the sociology of language into a scientific discipline.

6.      Gender:

         Differences in patterns of language use between men and women, such as quantity of speech, intonation patterns.

7.      Age:

The influence of age of the speaker on the use of vocabulary and grammar complexity.

Related to the explanation, sociolinguistics is the study of the development and the level of use of language in a society in which there is a discussion about bilingual and multilingual discussion of incorporation language in accordance with the rules and are not in accordance with the rules but is used by the community and accepted by society well studied in the code-switching and code-mixing.

B.     Bilingualism

    A speech community that has a relationship with another speech community, it will pass language contact. One of the major characteristics of both phenomena is their imposition as the norm of language use in the most bilingualism communities.[17] Therefore bilingualism in Indonesian language called kedwibahasaan (Chaer, 2004, p. 84).[18] Of the terms proposed by Chaer, it is understood that bilingualism or relating to the use kedwibahasaan by people bilingual speakers in their daily activities.

     There are several definitions of bilingualism even though essentially same. Such as by Grosjean (2008:16) bilingualism is an integrated whole which cannot easily be decomposed in two separate parts.[19] Another statement says that bilingualism is not language phenomenon; it is the characteristic of the language usage.  On the other hand Bilingualism is the use of at least two languages either by an individual or by a group of speakers (Kaswan, 2010: 28). Therefore, recent definitions as the one of Carol Myers-Scotton (2003) tend to define bilingualism in a very broad sense describing it as the “ability to use two or more languages sufficiently to carry on a limited casual conversation”.[20]

According Mackey (1962, p. 12) stated that the practice of bilingualism is alternately from one language to another language by a speaker. Then, Though all the suggested motivations by Li (2002) bilingual is punning seems to be more associated with written genres or planned discourse and have rare occurrence in spontaneous conversation.[21] This is because the speaker does not always generate these clever puns in real-time conversation (Chan, 2009).

From the previous statements, it can be concluded that bilingualism is the use of two different languages by a speaker in the interaction with the speaker of other language. Usually that was happen when spontaneous conversation as a phenomenon that many scholars have noted to be more pervasive in informal communicative situations. For example in Commercials, news reports, songs, radio education and any pre-scripted speech are excluded.

C.    Code

In every day interaction, people usually choose different codes are different situation. They may choose particular code or variety because that make them easier discus a particular topic, regardless, where they are speaking. When talking about work or school at home, for instance, they may use the language that related to those fields rather than the language used in daily language communication at home.

A code is system that used by people to communication. According” (Stokweell, 2002: 8-9) A code is “a symbol of nationalism that is used by people to speak or communicate in a particular language or dialect, or register, accent, or style on different occasions and for different purposes.[22]” And Meanwhile, poedjosodarmo, in Rahardi state that code can be defined as a speech system and the application of the language element which has specific characteristic in line with the speaker’s background, the relationship between the speaker and interlocutor and situation. [23]So the is a form of the language variation that used by society to make communication with other people. However, it is mainly used as natural term for any system of communication, which involves language dialect or variety.

In order word, a code is system of rules that allow us to give information in symbolic form. Human language also code: consists of word they represent ideas, events, and object. When it put together in certain circumstances, it will help us to communication.

Fasold (in Tarigan 2005; 20) explants one criterion to different code switching and code mixing. [24]

“One criterion that is sometimes offered to distinguish switching from mixing is that the grammar or of clause determines of language. By this criterion, if a person uses a word or phrase for other language, he has mixed, not switched. But if one clause has the grammatical structure of one language and the next is constructed according to grammar of another, a switch has occurred.

D.    Code Switching

Code switching is the inevitable consequence of bilingualisms and multilingualism. Anyone who can speak more than one language chooses the language according to the circumstances in which the language will be comprehensible to the person addressed. A bilingual speaker tends to switch rapidly from one language to another, to certain condition and for certain reason. To communication of the phenomena between speakers different language like a using code. From the phenomena have in common that they are concerned with how elements of two different languages are used together and furthermore, they are concerned with the effects a grammar of one variety can have on the grammar of another variety (Myers-Scotton 2003).[25]

Code switching in the utterances of fun with language radio announcer involves two different languages, namely Indonesian and Bengkulu. The most dominant language used by the announcer is Indonesian. The following is the result including the type code switching and the factors for changing the code.

1.      Types code switching

The first type is situational code switching. Wardhaugh (1986:103) states that situational code switching occurs when the languages used change according to the situation in which the conversant find them: they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one.[26] No topic change is involved. When a change topic requires a change in language used, we have metaphorical code switching. Saville-Troike (1986:62) define metaphorical code switching as a code switching occurring within a single situation but adding some meaning to such components. The example of situational code switching is that in some universities a ritual shift occurs at the end of a successful dissertation defense, when professors address the (former) student as Doctor and invite first names in return.

The second classification is based on the scope of switching or the nature of the juncture which language takes place, Wardhaugh (2006:101) says code switching can occur within a single sentence or or change which occurs between sentences or speech acts, (intra-sententially) and between sentences or change which occurs between sentences or speech acts,  (inter-sententially).[27] Code switching is also divided into metaphorical and situational. The following is the types of code switching which occurs in the utterance of Fun with language radio announcer.

According Hoffman (1991:112) shows many types of code switching and code mixing based on the juncture or the scope of switching where languages take place. Those are intra- sentential switching, inter-sentential switching, emblematic switching,[28]

a. Inter-sentential switching

This kind of code switching occurs between clause or sentence boundary, where each clause or sentence is in one language or other, as when an adult Spanish-English bilingual says: “Ok sob, let our hear, they were off-white, you know.”(Hoffman, 1991:112). Like Yoruba/English bilingual says: Won o arrest a single person (won o they did not).

Another example: ok rekan radio L-bass fm selalu dihati indah diudara,      let’s our hear this song. (Let’s hear this song)

Jadi memang banyak ya situs-situs belajar bahasa inggris, so no one reason to can learn English.[29]

b. Emblematic switching/tag switching

In this kind of code switching, tags, exclamation and certain set phrases in one language are inserted into an utterance otherwise in another, as when a Panjabi/English says: “It’s a nice day, pndenggar?” (Hi semua? isn’t it) .It was embarrassing! It was very nice, though, but I was embarrassed!” (Hoffman, 1991:112). Like Panjabi/English bilingual says: It's a nice day, hana? (hai nā isn't it).

Another example: it’s nice day, pendengar.

So don’t go anywhere, and keep stay 96, 7 fm setia diudara indah dihati.

c. Establishing continuity with the previous speaker

This kind of code switching occurs to continue the utterance of the previous speaker, as when one Indonesian speaker speaks in English and then the other speaker tries to respond in English also. Yet, that speaker can also switch again to language Indonesia.

For instance:

Speaker 1: I can’t get leave for you ‘karena saya suka our together today...

Speaker 2: Correct! Listener let our came back the song

E.     Code Mixing

Code mixing is a mixing of two codes or languages, usually without a change of topic. Code mixing often occurs within one sentence, one element is spoken in language A and the rest in language B. In addition, Nababan (1993:32) said that code mixing is found mainly in informal interactions. In formal situation, the speaker tends to mix it because there is no exact idiom in that language, so it is necessary to use words or idioms from other language.

Hoffman (1991:112) shows many types code mixing based on the juncture or the scope of switching where languages take place.[30] Those are intra-lexical code mixing, establishing continuity with the previous speaker, and involving a change of pronunciation. Each type will be describing bellow:

1.      Types of code mixing

Mysken (2000) defines three types of code mixing insertion, alternative, and congruent lexicalization.[31]

a. Intra-sentential code mixing

     This kind of code mixing occurs within a phrase, a clause or a sentence boundary, as when a French-English bilingual says: “I started going like this. Y luego decla (and then he said), look at the smoke coming out my fingers.” Another example is from Wardaugh (1986:108) “Estaba training Para pelar” : “He was training to fight.” It also  The succession of fragments in language A and B in a sentence, which is overall not identifiable as belonging to either A, or B and do come again. `That’s all right then, and do come again.

establishing continuity with the previous speaker This kind of code mixing  which occurs within a word boundary, such as in sapper (English Shop with the Panjabi plural ending) or Kuenjoy (English enjoy with the Swahili prefix Ku, meaning ‘to’). It also the insertion of well-defined chunks of language B into a sentence that otherwise belongs to language A. Insertion of words from one language into a structure of another language.

Another example: thank you ya silvy dari Bengkulu tengah.                    

c. Involving a change of pronunciation

This kind of code mixing occurs at the phonological level, as when Indonesian people say an English word, but modify it to Indonesian phonological structure. For instance, the word ‘strawberry’ is said to be ‘strawberry’ by Indonesian people.

            Another example modification word: hai pendengar setia (Hi)

                                                                         Boleh telpon di no 08….

F.     Radio Announcer

As we know, radio is one of the amusing media where we can listen to the music, get information, and hear someone speaking. During an on air program, a radio announcer speaks for hours.[32] In case the listeners get bored of listening the program for hours, the announcer often speaks in some languages to make the program more fun. The announcer of Suara L-bass radio channel is Fun with English. When running the on air program, she switches the language from Indonesian to English, or Bengkulu.

Announcer is perceived by the public as the most pervasive and powerful means of communication to connect with the masses (Legislative Council, 2006).[33] Radio and television have long been the traditional means for people to access information and entertainment. In the past few years, social network sites such as Facebook, Twitter have gained huge popularity among teenagers and adults and have attracted millions of users worldwide. The emergence of these interactive social media on the internet undoubtedly opens up alternative channels for news and information, and facilitates the expression of opinions. Nevertheless, radio broadcasting still remains a pervasive medium and a powerful source of information and entertainment for the general public. One unique feature of radio broadcasting is the absence of visual images and the emphasis on verbal communication.

 The language used by hosts, guests, phone-in participants, and the clarity within which they convey their message, their tone, pace, responsiveness in reacting to questions, etc., are all instrumental in shaping the atmosphere and the attractiveness of radio programs. This is something written words cannot reflect. Therefore, an analysis on radio programs rather than television programs where subtitles are available, or social network sites and print media where the written word prevails, allows us to better understand how code choices are made in an interactive situation in a bilingual community like Hong Kong, isolating the interference of visual and written words.

G.    Some Related Previous Studies

There are some researchers have studied about code mixing and code switching. Firstly Dias Astuti Cakrawarti .2011.  In her thesis entitled “An Analysis of Code Mixing and code switching In the Teenlit Canting Cantiq by Dyan Nuranindya. The results obtained from this study indicated that the expressing group identity is factors cause of code switching and code mixing. The most dominant types of intra sentential code switching, because in teetnlit canting cantiq there are conversations was used English language. [34]

Secondly, the verbal behavior of code switching and code mixing in the media domain is under researched in Hong Kong. Most of the relevant detailed studies have been concentrated in Indonesia. For instance, Prasetya Ingram’s (2007) and Kusumasakti’s (2009) analyses show the types of Indonesian-English code mixing and code switching used by the radio broadcasters of Manobo FM Malang. And many other descriptive studies illustrate the change of language variety for a particular program on Indonesian radio channels (Yuliati, 2004; Farikhah, 2005). Though Hong Kong displays similar bilingual and multilingual characteristics, apart from Zhang’s (2005) study of language alternation between Putonghua and Cantonese in a radio phone-in program in Shenzhen, there is no research on the code choice between Cantonese and English that bears similar resemblance has been carried out in the domain of Hong Kong radio announcer.

Third, Ayeomoni, M.O. 2006.  Code Switching And Code Mixing Style Of Language Use In Childhood In Yoruba Speech Community. The results obtained from this study indicated the implication is that, since both phenomena correlate positively with the educational attainment of individuals. So trough the questionnaire administered on fifty respondents of the target population, this researcher can establish that the average child of the community starts to become bilingual from the primary school stage of his education.[35]

Based on three perviouss studies above, the researcher find out that code switching and code mixing is very important in social community. So the researcher try to  analysis code switching and code mixing by used radio announcer and try to find something new in the research it is about teachers’ and how code switching and code mixing used radio announcer IAIN Bengkulu. The object of this research is announcers at L-bass radio 96, 7 MHz IAIN Bengkulu.

CHEAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

A.    Design Of Research

                  Qualitative methods involve a research describing kinds of the characteristic of people or events without comparing events in terms of measurements or amount (Thomas, 2003:1).[36] According to Lodico (2006) qualitative research is the research that focus on the study of social phenomena and on giving voice to the feelings and perceptions of the participants under study, this is based on the belief that knowledge is derived from the social setting and that understanding social knowledge is a legitimate scientific process.[37] The design of this research is descriptive research with qualitative approach. This research use qualitative approach it means that the data collected is not in the form of number, but the data derived from individual interviews, personal documents, record memos, and other official documents.

      Descriptive research provides an answere to questions of  how something happened and who is involve. According Arkunto (2006:239) that descriptive analysis research use analysis of data, by bring the date together, the classified them to into two kinds of data as qualitative and quantitative date.[38] Gay says if descriptive research and also called survey research is considered appropriate for describing the present condition of the research .subject based on the assertion.[39] Influence what TV program, radio announcer, and the types of automobiles that will be produced. Based on the definition in analyzing data had been collected, the researcher uses descriptive qualitative because the researcher did not only of data, but also did the analysis of data and made conclusions from the data collected. This research will describe how is code switching and code mixing used by radio announcers at L-Bass radio 96, 7 MHz IAIN Bengkulu.

B.     Source  Of Data

As place to collect the data and information, the researcher chooses L-bass radio 96, 7 MHz at IAIN Bengkulu. The sources of data were taken data from announcer Iain Bengkulu. The data are taken four times for one moon at program Wednesday “fun with language” precisely 16.00 – 17.00 pm, to get enough information. Each scene consists of some utterances and then they are analyzed based on the types of code switching and code mixing based on Hoffman's theory. So every utterance spoken by all announcers became the sources for writer to be analyzed.

C.    Instrument of the research

According to Arikunto.S (2008:136) instrument is a tool or a research facility used by researchers in the collecting data to work easier and the results better.[40] In the sense that more carefully, complete and systematic so that easily processed. So instrument in this research used tape recorder to record announcers when speaking when they present radio program Wednesday “fun with language” at L-Bass radio 96, 7 MHz IAIN Bengkulu. From that reordering, the research got the transcription and analysis code switching and code mixing who shoes radio L-bass FM.

D.    Techniques for Collecting Data

By using audio recording the data were collected in this research. The research also listen the program about four times in one moon for announcers. The data was taken three times for one moon, in order to get enough information of the program. When a program is presented, the researcher would record the audio it. Beside that researcher using techniques of Data Collection In terms of the way or data collection techniques, the data collection techniques can be done by observation, interview, and documentation. As in this study, the researcher will use data collection methods as follows:

a.       Observation

According to Winarno (1992:162) observation is data collect where the researcher takes directly observation (without tolls) technique.[41] And also observation is carried out by means of observation and recording of the object under study, then recording conducted necessary to obtain the corresponding data to the research. Methods of data collection will be conducted to see firsthand how the announcer techniques applied in English for listener and to observe directly how is code switching and code mixing by used announcer at L-bass radio 96, 7 MHz IAIN Bengkulu.

b.      Interview

Winarno (1992:174) say that interview is directly communication between researcher and subject.[42] So interview is a process of interaction, dialogue, question and answer verbally committed by two or more persons directly to obtain the required information. In the interview, the interview took only a guideline that outlines the things that will be requested. The targeted interviews conducted by researchers directly are:

1)  Announcers.

Information to be excavated is about how much announcer using code switching and code mixing.

c.       Documentation

Documentation is a technique of data collection by gathering and analyzing documents, whether written documents, pictures, and electronic. Data analysis is the process of systematically searching and compiling the data obtained from interviews, field notes, and other materials, so it can be understood easily, and its findings can inform others. To complete the data researcher would analysis the how many kinds of code switching and code mixing speaking by announcer. It done to obtain the writer data such as note transcript, agenda.etc. The researcher used this method to obtain document which to related to this researcher,

E.     Technique For Analysis Data

1.      The data of audio recording will put in the form of transcription

2.      Transcription of audio recording will select in order to get the transcription of the conversations of announcer only.

3.      Analysis and indentify of code switching and code mixing. Base on   theory Hoffman.

Table 1

The Classification of code switching and Code Mixing.

Name	Code switching			Code mixing
	intra- sentential	inter-sentential	emblematic switching	intra-lexical	establishing continuity	involving a change
Destri
Davit

Table 2

The Classification of code switching and Code Mixing.

Name	Code switching			Code mixing
	intra- sentential	inter-sentential	emblematic switching	intra-lexical	establishing continuity	involving a change
Destri
Davit

Table 3

The Classification of code switching and Code Mixing.

Name	Code switching			Code mixing
	intra- sentential	inter-sentential	emblematic switching	intra-lexical	establishing continuity	involving a change
Destri
Davit

Table 4

The Classification of code switching and Code Mixing.

Name	Code switching			Code mixing
	intra- sentential	inter-sentential	emblematic switching	intra-lexical	establishing continuity	involving a change
Destri
Davit

4.      Arrange the concept of analysis

5.      Make percentage, of types of code switching and code mixing from announcers conversations the researcher the following formulation from Arikunto.S (2006:246). [43]

Remark:                                                      

P

P = the percentage of code mixing

F = frequency of code mixing on the speech utterance

N = sample (the total words/sentences used by the host)

6.      Make conclusion

REFERENCE

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Arikunto.S. (2006). Prosedur Suatu Penelitian Praktek. Jakarta: Rieneko

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Biiznillah. (2010). An Analysis Of Student English Acquisition In Expressing Idea, By Using Verbs And Nouns. Thesis Iain Bengkulu.

Brezjanovie-Shogren, Jelena.(2002). Analysis Code Switching and Code Mixing Among Bilingual Children: Two Case Studies Of Serbian-English Language Interaction. Thesis B.B.A. Wichita State University.

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Nguydn, Thuy. (2008). The Sociolinguistic Dimension Of Code Switching, Munich, Grin Verlag.E-Book. Http://Www.Grin.Com/En/E-Book/124915/The-Sociolinguistic-Dimension-Of-Code-Switching.

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[1]    ͟   “Code switching and code mixing. “ .Wednesday, April 20, 2011. p 1

[2] Ayu Tri Astuti. “ The use features of code switching among Efl student in oral presentation”. Thesis Iain Bengkulu. 2015.p 7

[3] Sumarsih, Dkk.“Code switching and code mixing in Indonesia.”Canadian center of science and education. 2014. p 77

[4] Seckin Esen. “code switching – definition, types and examples of code switching”. 2014. P 3

[5] Lam Way code switching and code mixing in the broadcasts of commercial radio hongkong (crhk) http://hdl.hadle.net/10722/192985 2013 p 15

[6] Roberto r. Heredia & Jeffrey m. brown, code switching. (Chicago: Fitzroy) http: www. Tamiu.edu/  ̴rheridia/swit.htm. 2010 p 3

[7] Anita rebekawati & elia masa ginting, code mixing in stupid boss novel (http://jurnal.unimed.ac.id) 2008 p 4

[8] Lam Way .”code switching and code mixing in the broadcasts of commercial radio hongkong (crhk)”. 2013.p 11

[9] http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/announcer . p 1

[10] Ayu Tri Astuti. “The use features of code switching among EFL student in oral presentation.”thesis Iain Bengkulu.2015. p 14

[11] Ayu Tri Astuti. “The use features of code switching among EFLl student in oral presentation.” .Thesis IAIN Bengkulu. 2015. p 14

[12] William downes, language and society (Cambridge university press 2^nd editions) 2

[13] Emymy k sinuinga. Code switching and code mixing. P 14

[14] Ummu Aimana. “Analysis of code mixing in kompas newspaper.” Thesis Iain. 2010.

[15] Dias Astuti Cakrawarti.”Analysis of code switching and code mixing in the teenlit canting catia by dyan nuraniwdya.” Thesis Diponogoro University. 2011.p 1

[16] Anthony C. Oha. PhD. “Introduction of Sociolinguistics.” National Openb Universty Of Negeria. 2010. P 16-17

[17] Ayeomoni M.O. “Code switching and code mixing style of language use childhood in yurba speech community.” Nordle journal of African studies 1s (1): 90-99. 2006. p 91

[18] English language and literature study. www.ccsent.ora/dls. p 2

[19] Jelena Brezjanovie-shogren. “Analysis code switching and code mixing among bilingual children: two case studies of Serbian-english language interaction.” Thesis B.B.A. whchita state university.2002. p

[20] Thuy Nguydn. “The sociolinguistic dimension of code switching, munich, grin.” Verlag. E-book. 2008. P 7

[21] Lam Way. “Code switching and code mixing in the broadcasts of commercial radio hongkong (crhk)” 2013 P 22

[22]  Berthele, Raphael. “The influence of code – mixing and speaker information on perception and assessment of forigen language.” Prophecy: an experimental study international journal of bilingualism 

[23]  Ayu Tri Astuti. “The use features of code switching among EFl student in oral presentation.” Thesis Iain Bengkulu.2015. p 11

[24]  Tarigan. Sociolinguistick. p 11

[25] Lam way. “ code switching and code mixing in the broadcasts of commercial radio hongkong (crhk) http://hdl.hadle.net/10722/192985. 2013 P 22

[26] Ayu Tri Astuti.”The use features of code switching among Efl student in oral presentation.”Thesis Iain Bengkulu. 2015.p 11

[27] Wardhaugh, R. “An Introduction to Sociolinguistics.”  Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 2006.P 65

[28] Ayu Tri Astuti. “The use features of code switching among EFl student in oral presentation.” Thesis Iain Bengkulu. 2015. p 14

[29] Real condition in L-Bass Radio IAIN Bengkulu. 2016. Wednesday 30-03-2016.

[30] Ayu Tri Astuti. “The use features of code switching among EFl student in oral presentation.” thesis Iain Bengkulu. 2015. p 15

[31] English language and literature study. www.ccsent.ora/dls. p 3

[32] Nofi setya wardani. “Code switching and the factors for changing code.” Universitas diponegoro. P 9

[33] Lam way.” Code switching and code mixing in the broadcasts of commercial radio hongkong (crhk)” http://hdl.hadle.net/10722/192985 203 .p 11

[34] Dias Astuti Cakrawarti. “ An analysis of code mixing and code switching in teenlit canting by dian nuranindya.” Semarang. 2011. P 1

[35] Ayeomoni. M.O. “Code-switching and code-mixing: style of language use in childhood in yourba speech community. Nordic journal of African studies 15 (1): 90 -99. 2006. P 1

[36] Biznillah. “Analysis of student English acquisition in expressing idea, by using verbs and nouns.” Thesis IAIN Bengkulu. p. 24

[37] Pratama, “Teacher And Learners’ Talk In The Classroom Interaction At Tenth Grade Students Of SMA Jawahirul Hikmah Tulungagung In Academic Year 2014/2015. ” p.26

[38] Arikunto.s s. “ prosedur suatu penelitian praktek.” Jakarta : rieneko. 2006. P. 18

[39] Fatmawati. “The analysis on students’ perception of their pronunciation needs and strategies.” Thesis IAIN. 2014. P.24

[40] Arikunto.s s. “ prosedur suatu penelitian praktek.” Jakarta : rieneko. 2006. P. 10

[41] Bizbillah. “An analysis of student English acquisition in expressing idea by using verb and nouns.” Thesis IAIN. 2010

[42] Biznillah. “An analysis of students’ English acquisition in expressing idea by using verbs and nouns. Bengkulu. 2010. p 25

[43] Arikunto.S. “Prosedur suatu penelitian praktek.” Jakarta: Rieneko. 2016. P 25