Miza Anisa Sari: VERB AND THEIR SATELLITS

ENGLISH SYNTAX

VERB AND THEIR SATELLITS

Compiled by group: 3

Miza Anisa Sari

Fenty Romandaha

Fetri Susanti

Lecturer:

ENDANG HERYANTO, M.Pd

TARBIYAH AND TADRIS FACULTY

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION

INSTITUT AGAMA ISLAM NEGERI

BENGKULU

2015

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. BACKGROUND

Verbs are the name given to a particular class of words sharing certain grammatical and semantic characteristics. Since no two languages are grammatically identical, verbs as a class must differ from language to language, but they have enough common grammatical features across languages to merit the shared label. These shared features are of various kinds, and different ones are highlighted by different grammarians. So verb is a particular class of word as a characteristic grammatical and semantic and must differ from one language to other. Theoretical Approaches To Verb Sub categorization as potential syntax contexts directly in simple transitive verb and as to described in terms of the “argument” structure. The Syntactic Identification Of Verb Elaborators as Semantic nature of a verb to bound up with the number of elaborators or arguments example subject and object and elaborator is syntactic items or some other syntactic function like ‘involved item’. Verb Elaboration Structures is a syntactic items that also have a clear semantic role, but its depends in part of meaning verb and established the range elements structures from the verb or subject to required constituent of every sentence to depending valence requirements on, two, or three elements like O, IO, ND, Ad .Obligatory And Optional Elaborators is categories as object to define particular, Obligatory elaborators is require their object to be present on all occasions. In the subject we need make distinction between intransitive verbs and transitive verbs. Transformational And Quasi Transformational Related Structures Is verb with grammatical structure has two different format or two different structures, it having if verb double potential as case of ergative-middle verbs it is transformational relationship.

B. Research Question

1. What is verb and their satellites?

2. Tell kinds of verb and their satellites?

CHAPTER II

DISCUSION

Verb and Their Satellites

A. Definition Verb And Their Satellites

complex verb forms the last verb is always a normal verb with a lexical meaning (i.e. a lexical verb) that gives the verb form its valiancy requirements, while the preceding verbs have the auxiliary function (hence: auxiliary verbs) of supplying the lexical verb with meanings like tense, aspect and modal meanings like likelihood and obligation. Thus in a complex form like:

Would have been stumbling

Would is tensed (past/hypothetical as opposed to present will) and thus can appear in a finite clause, while have and been are non-tensed and thus limited to non-finite clauses; on the other hand, would, have and been are all auxiliary verbs, while stumbling is the sole lexical verb. With the exception of the modal must, which is mainly limited to present use) all auxiliary verbs have the possibility of being tensed (although they are idiosyncratic on the question of which tense meanings – time, remoteness of conditional clause, distancing of reporter in reported speech – they permit), and they are semantically linked to temporal and modal adverbials (such as last night or possibly), but they do not contract direct valiancy relationships (with subjects, objects and the like) in the usual way. They can therefore be regarded either as a very special subclass of verb (i.e. as auxiliary verbs) or as an independent category closely related to verbs (i.e. as verbal auxiliaries).

B. Theoretical Approaches To Verb Subcategorization

Verb Subcategorization as potential syntax contexts directly in simple transitive verb and as to describe in terms of the “argument” structure. verb subcategorization has been described in terms of the “argument” structure of predicates (this terminology deriving from mathematical logic). At the most abstract level of analysis objects and similar elements are dependents of the verb, and each of these is associated, for a given verb, with a particular “thematic relation” (or T-role) i.e. a semantic role relative to the eventuality referred to by the verb. This analysis is integrated into a syntactic theory (the “X-bar analysis”) that assumes that every phrase has a head (such as a verb) that gives the phrase its basic character, and two kinds of dependent, complements (which are “licensed” by individual verbs) and specifies (which are more generally available).

C. The Syntactic Identification Of Verb Elaborators

Semantic nature of a verb is bound up with the number of elaborators or arguments example subject and object and elaborator is syntactic items or some other syntactic function like ‘involved item’. Semantically, there is a big difference, for example, between the process of giving, which involves three participating entities (a giver, a receiver, and a thing given), and the process of snowing, which involves no other entities outside the snow(ing) The terms “Aktionsart” and “verbal aspect” are used to indicate the different ways the event denoted by the verb phrase is mapped on to the dimension of time. It is possible to envisage three levels of description:

ü an underlying semantic level, where the states, processes, etc. of the world of our experience are described;

ü a lexical level, at which lexical items are selected, each with its individual “aspectual character” (Lyons 1977: 706) or Aktionsart e.g. “durative”;

ü a morph syntactic level, covering the various ways, derivational, inflectional, and periphrastic, in which a lexeme (group) can be modified to express the appropriate duration or timing: thus a verb (phrase) can be put into the “perfective,” “perfect,” “progressive” etc., this being the dimension of verbal aspect.

Semantic contrasts of the kind described at level

(i) can thus be produced in various ways: at level

(ii) by changing the lexical verb (e.g. travel vs arrive), by changing the verbal construction (e.g. tire vs tire out, attack vs be on the attack), or at level

(iii) by changing the derivational, inflectional or periphrastic grammar of the verb.

verbs are usually thought of as primarily designating actions or processes, some of the most frequently used verbs designate states, i.e. internally unchanging conditions (such as be (out of touch), feel (unhappy), have (blue eyes), like (bananas), lack (help)) or static positions (such as be at home, stay away, live abroad), in which an entity finds itself. Both types of state are compatible with duration adverbials like for two weeks, even when they refer to one specific occasion, cf.:

ü On one occasion the child felt unhappy for ages.

ü Once Martin lived abroad for two years.

Simply strokes (Allerton 2002).⁸ The three major types of eventuality are therefore differentiated thus:

tates	static = unchanging	with duration
processes	dynamic = changing	with duration
strokes	dynamic = changing	without duration

D. Verb Elaboration Structures

Having established the range of elements that occur as verb elaborators, we can now ask what structures they form with the verb. As we have seen, a subject is a required constituent of every sentence, even with meteorological verbs. Depending on its valiancy requirements, a v also adopts none, one, two or three of the elements O, IO, Ö, ND, AD, PD, PO, PÖ, AE, L, F, I or G. (If it is passive, it must have a different S derived from the original O, IO, OO or PO and may also include a J in place of the original S.) But not all combinations are possible. We can see the range of verb valiancy structures found in English in English verb valiancy patterns

Since noun phrases and adjective phrases can appear as part of verb valiancy, nominal and adjectival complements may become part of the elaboration of a verb, though at a secondary level; in other words the noun phrase or adjective phrase is “licensed” by the verb, and then in turn has the power to “license” its own complementation. This means, for instance, that adjective phrases like the following may appear as a descriptor (= predicative complement) after copular verbs, like be or seem: able to speak French, capable of speaking French, confident that she could speak French; a tendency to speak French, a habit of speaking French, the fact that she spoke French.

Elaborators is a syntactic items that also have a clear semantic role, but its depends in part of meaning verb and established the range elements structures from the verb or subject to required constituent of every sentence to depending valence requirements on, two, or three elements like O, IO, ND, Ad.

E. Obligatory And Optional Elaborators

Elaboration functional is categories as object to define particular, Obligatory elaborators is require their object to be present on all occasions. In the subject we need make distinction between intransitive verbs and transitive verbs. Obligatory elaborators, it is easy to find examples of verbs that require their object to be present on all occasions, e.g. catch, damage, dread, find. This means that sequences such as Mary caught are normally unacceptable as sentences in any context

For example:

Mono valent S+V The child moved

BI VALENT S + V + O The mother moved me

TRI-VALENT S + V + O + OO the mother gave me doll

TETRA-VALET S + V + O + AE + AE the friend moved from there to here

From elaborators we can fine one kind of admissibility of objects with the verb watch. Sentences like Mary's watching do occur, but only when the speaker has reasons for believing that the listener will be able to identify the object being watched, e.g. us, that television program. There are groups of verbs that have a fuller structure (with an object etc.) and a shorter structure (without one), but where the relationship between them is not just one of (not) including certain information. This is the case, for example, with verbs like shrug (one’s) shoulders, nods (one's head). Since verbs like shrug and nod imply one particular kind of object, the inclusion of that object adds no extra information.

Some verbs are used in two different valiancy structures that have a more complex relationship that goes beyond merely leaving out an object example bend, cook, fill or roll, which either mention the patient alone in subject position

ü The fork bent.

ü The child bent the fork.

These sentences illustrate two different verb elaboration structures for the same verb, and we could say that such verbs are grammatically versatile (in the same way that a single noun can have countable and uncountable uses

ü The child found/destroyed the book.

ü The book found/destroyed.

Some transitive verbs allow a middle use with certain adverbs, where the meaning is something like ‘allow itself to be v-ed easily,’ as in:

ü The book sold easily/quickly.

But this can be regarded as a special construction. Discussion of these verbs takes us into the general question of the precise relationship between the different structures in which a verb can occur.

F. Transformational And Quasi Transformational Related Structures

Is verb with grammatical structure has two different format or two different structures, it having if verb double potential as case of ergative-middle verbs it is transformational relationship

For example:

a. The police spoke the mother

b. The mother was spoke by the police

a. The mother gave some money to the child

b. The mother gave the child same money

a. The teacher gave some books to the child.

b. The teacher gave the child some books.

a. The grandparents bought the bicycle for the child.

b. The grandparents bought the child the bicycle.

The important question of the analysis of passive sentences, for which the following examples will be relevant:

The child drove the car
The car was driven the child
The car came into view

Chapter III

A. Conclusions

In verb and their satellites we are learn about the name given to a particular class of words sharing certain grammatical and semantic characteristics. Since no two languages are grammatically identical, verbs as a class must differ from language to language, but they have enough common grammatical features across languages to merit the shared label.These shared features are of various kinds, and different ones are highlighted by different grammarians. In the valiancy approach being adopted here, the most important syntactic feature is that an independently operating verb shapes the syntactic structure of the clause in which it appears.

REFERENCE

ALLERTON, D. J. "Verbs and their Satellites." The Handbook of English Linguistics. Arts, Bas and April McMahon (eds). Blackwell Publishing, 2006. Blackwell Reference Online. 27 September 2015 <http://www.blackwellreference.com/subscriber/tocnode.html?id=g9781405113823_chunk_g97814051138238>

Miza Anisa Sari

Selasa, 13 Oktober 2015

VERB AND THEIR SATELLITS

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